|
|
Table
of content |
|
1. |
Introduction |
|
2. |
Environmental problems and
emission standards |
|
2.1 |
Emission standards under PEPA
1997 |
|
2.2 |
Environmental problems faced
by Pakistan |
|
2.2.1 |
Deforestation |
|
2.2.2 |
Global warming |
|
2.2.3 |
Noise pollution |
|
2.2.4 |
Air pollution |
|
2.2.5 |
Smog |
|
2.2.6 |
Water pollution |
|
2.2.7 |
Land pollution |
|
2.2.8 |
Plastic pollution |
|
3 |
Solution to solve
environmental problems under PEPA 1997 |
|
3.1 |
By implementation of the
provisions of PEPA 1997 |
|
3.1.1 |
By commencement of environment friendly project |
|
3.1.2 |
By imposing restriction on vehicles that cause pollution |
|
3.1.3 |
By promotion of awareness among public |
|
3.1.4 |
By encourage and assist public for disposal of waste |
|
3.1.5 |
To be a part of environmental policy ,project and program |
|
3.1.6 |
By investment in environment friendly project |
|
3.1.7 |
By imposing penalty |
|
3.1.8 |
By laws formulation |
|
3.1.9 |
By lab establishment |
|
3.1.10 |
By prohibition of discharge and waste |
|
4 |
CONCLUSION |
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1. 1. Introduction
·
Pakistan got independence on 14th
august 1947 at this time the population of our country was 75 million so, at
this time our population was not massive so our country not troubled of lot of
environmental problems which we faced today.
·
Currently ,in 2023 the population of Pakistan is
231,120,805 persons so due to the massive population the needs of society also
expend ultimately which leads to more industrializations and these over
population and industrialization leads to many environmental problems like
deforestation ,global warming ,air ,land and water pollution etc. and due to
these severe environmental problems
currently ,the Pakistan is recognized as the 4th most
polluted country in the world .
1. 2. Environmental problems & emission
standards.
1. 2.1 Emission standards under PEPA 1997.
‘’
Emission standards are the permissible standard for the discharge of waste
& Effluents and these standard are set by federal and provincial agency ‘’
|
Emission
standards |
Purpose
|
|
1.prohibit person from discharge of waste exceed to set concentration
limit |
1. To avoid water pollution. 2. To avoid air pollution & land pollution. 3. to avoid global warming 4. to avoid plastic pollution |
|
2.prohibit person from discharge of noise and air pollutant exceed to
set concentration limit |
1. To avoid air pollution & smog. 2. To avoid Global warming. 3. To avoid land and water pollution. 4. To avoid noise pollution. |
2.2.1 Deforestation .
‘’ When the plenty of trees are cut at massive levels to fulfill the needs
of mankind without further replanting is refer as deforestation ‘’
Ø Deforestation is the severe environmental issue
that become the cause of other environmental problems because trees are the
lungs of the nature when they are expired that lead to hazard impact on
environment .according to experts trees must cover the 25% area of the country
but unfortunately, only 5% area of our country consist of forest because we
faced the problem of deforestation.
Ø On the base of deforestation Pakistan hold 2nd
rank in Asia after Afghanistan.
Ø Causes of
deforestation.
1. Overpopulation
2. Urbanization
3. To
get wood for shelter, furniture, to make roads and bridges etc.
4. To
get fuel for industries.
Ø Consequences
of deforestation.
1. Extinction of rare animals –because of
their loss of habitat
2. Global warming –because trees play key
role to maintain temperature
3. Air pollution –because trees clean air
by consumption of CO2 and emission of O2.
4. Soil erosion –because not further
planting barren the land.
5. Rain cycle disturbed –because of high
concentration of CO2 in air
6. Flooding –because of severe climate
change.
2.2.2 Global warming .
‘’ when the temperature of earth gradually increase because of the
emission of greenhouse gases includes co2 and chlorofluorocarbon’s refer as
global warming.
Ø Global warming is also the severe environmental
issue which our country faces from the several years.
Ø Causes of
Global warming.
1. Overpopulation –because they lead co2
level in air by breathing that raise temperature.
2. Deforestation –that raise Co2 level in
air because not absorbed by trees.
3. By vehicles –because they eject the
lead ,co2 and other toxic chemicals in air
4. chlorofluorocarbons –because that
deplete the ozone layer that protect earth from UV rays as the result of thin
ozone layer the UV rays reach to earth that raise temperature .
Ø Consequence
of Global warming.
1.
High mortality rate.
Become the cause of high mortality rate
because of
1. Drought
2. Flood
3. Loss of natural habitat
2.
Spread disease.
Global warming become the cause of spread
of disease because it cause of rise of temperature and.
1. High temperature is suitable for the
growth of larvae of mosquito, which spread disease.
2. High temperature depletes ozone layer so
UV rays become cause of skin disease and eyes irritation.
3.
Climate change.
Global warming due to increase of
temperature become cause of climate change like, become cause of
1.
flood –due to melting of glycerides
2.
Drought –due
to high concentration of toxic chemicals in air that disturb rain cycle.
‘’Every sound which is unpleasant to hear is referred as noise
pollution ‘’
Or
‘’According to WHO every sound which is
above to 65 DB is fall under the category of noise pollution ‘’
Ø Noise pollution is also the lethal problem and
has bad impact on both physical and psychological health of humans, but that
issue is mostly faced in big cities because they are deprived from the beauty
of nature.
Ø
In Pakistan Faisalabad, Lahore and Karachi
suffer most noise pollution because of their industry sector and traffic
respectively.
Ø Causes of
noise pollution.
1. traffic noise -includes both air and land traffic
vehicles
2. industrial
units –includes sound of machinery
3. Barking
animals –include dogs etc.
4. Night events –includes concerts, parties, weddings etc.
Ø Consequence
of noise pollution.
1. 1. Bad impact on physical health.
Noise
pollution become cause of
1. heart attack
2. death
3. blood
pressure
4. deafness
2. 2.Bad impact on psychological health.
Noise pollution become cause of
1.
behavioral disorder like cause of aggression
2.
lack of sleep/insomnia
3.
anxiety
4.
depression
5.
nervousness
6.
Diminish the memorizing ability.
2.2.4 Air Pollution .
‘’ The
contamination of air because of the hazard and toxic substances that make the air
unbreathable is referred as air pollution ‘’
Ø Air is basic necessity of life and no body can’t
live without it but unfortunately our country faced severe air pollution
problem and ranked 2nd in all over world countries on base of air
pollution according to AQI standard.
Ø AQI is department that measures the Quality of
air in entire Globe and according to AQI if the AQI [Air Quality index] value
is less than 100 its means the air is suitable to breathe but if it exceed to
150 then that is red alert.
Ø Causes of
air pollution.
1. Burning of waste –because that ejects
smoke and toxin chemicals.
2. Vehicles
–because here fuels burn that eject toxin chemicals.
3. Industrial
activities –because that release large amount of toxic chemicals like SO2, CO2
and NO etc. . . .
4. Agricultural
actives –because here pesticide, fertilizer and insecticide are used.
5. Household
activates –because here cleaning product and detergents are used.
Ø Consequences
of air pollution.
1. Global warming –because of toxic
chemicals in air raise temperature.
2. Disturbed rain cycle –because of high
concentration of toxic chemicals like Co2
3. Impact on human health –like asthma,
breathing problems and other respiratory disorder
4. Smog –arise in winter season when smoke
mix with fog
5. Depletion of ozone layer- because the
toxin chemicals in air effect on ozone layer.
6. Acidic rain –generate when the toxin
chemicals like SO2 and NO in air, because of industrial actives, combine with
rain and produce the acidic rain .
2.2.5 Smog .
‘’ The combination of smoke with fog is known
as smog ‘’
Smog is the type of air pollution, but the
difference is that it arises just in winter season.
Like other environmental issues smog is also the
highly paid attention issue because it’s also play a destructive role in our
environment in shape of accidents, death and severe health problems etc. . . .
In Pakistan ,the Lahore suffer a most because of
Smog because of its overpopulation ,traffic and bad air Quality and just
because of smog Lahore hold position in the most polluted cities of the world .
Ø
Causes of
smog.
1.
Burning of waste –because that eject the plenty
of smoke
2.
Overpopulation –because they plant more
industries that eject more smoke and used more vehicles that eject smoke.
3. Vehicles –here fuels are burned that eject smoke
Ø Consequences
of smog.
1. Bad impact on human health.
Smog becomes cause of.
1.
Asthma
2.
Breathing problem
3.
Lung disorder
4.
Death –due to suffocation
5.
Eyes irritation
6.
Cough
7.
Rickets –because of blockage of ozone so,
difficult to sun rays to reach on earth, ultimately block vitamin D.
2. Bad impact on plant and animals life.
1. Bad
impact on animals by polluted the air so, difficult to them survive in it.
2. Bad
impact on plants by polluted the sunlight which they used for photosynthesis so
ultimately disturb their life cycle.
2.2.6 Water pollution .
‘’ The contamination of water due to human activities that adverse
effect on water biological, physical and chemical properties and made it
undrinkable for living organisms referred as water pollution ‘’
Ø Water is other essential elements of life that
is essential for the secure life because the 70% of earth surface is covered
with water, but unfortunately the water is polluted day by day due to lot of
human factors that adverse effect on both our environment and human life.
Ø On base of water pollution the Pakistan ranked
is 80 among the entire countries of world.
Ø Causes of
water pollution.
1. Sewerage water –that make water
polluted
2. Domestic waste-cause of water pollution
3. Agricultural
activates-because here pesticide ,insecticide and fertilizer are used
4. Industrial
activities –because they discharge toxin chemicals
5. Acidic
rain –because that polluted lakes, river water.
Ø Consequences
of water pollution.
1.
Eutrophication
the toxin chemicals in water become cause
of growing of algae on water surface that reduce oxygen level in water that
lead to severe effect on marine creature .
2.
Effect on food chain.
The toxin substances in water engulf by
marine creature that made them toxic and so, the eating of these toxin animals
effect on human health.
2.2.7 Land Pollution .
‘’ The contamination of land due to lethal activates of mankind that
sever effect on land and made it toxic for living referred as land pollution ‘’
Land pollution is also the severe environmental
problems which our country faced due to lot of factors.
Causes of
land pollution.
1.
deforestation –because it barren the land
2.
Household waste –because it contaminate land
mainly plastic because it took 600 years to decompose.
3.
Landfills –because here garbage is buried inside
of land that cause of soil erosion.
4.
Industrial and agricultural waste-because they
contaminate land because of their toxin substances.
Ø Consequences of land pollution.
1.
Effect on tourism –because nobody loves polluted
zones.
2.
effect on human health –because cause of
spreading of disease
3.
Effect on wildlife –too much pollution leads
them to shift their shelter.
2.2.8 Plastic Pollution .
Ø Plastic pollution is also the severe
environmental problems which are not faced by just Pakistan but the overall
whole globe.
Ø Many countries ban plastic in their countries to
get eradication of this problem but not fully succeed because of slow
decomposition process of plastic and its overuse nature.
Ø Like other countries Pakistan also paly key role
to get eradication of plastic pollution and for this purpose the plastic are
banned in many times in different regions of Pakistan u/s 144 of Crpc for
public interest.
Ø And now as the result of whole efforts the Hunza
Valley of Pakistan is remarked as free plastic zone in all Asia and that is
really a big achievement.
Ø Causes of
plastic pollution.
1.
Over
population
Because they used the lot of
plastic products includes soda cans, plastic bags and disposal glasses etc. . .
.
2. Slow decomposition process.
Because plastic decompose slowly.
Normally, plastic took 600 years for decomposition.
Ø Consequence
of plastic pollution.
1.
Land pollution –because of its slow decomposition process
2.
Water pollution –because of its slow decomposition process
3.
Air pollution –because incretion of plastic ejects toxic gases.
4.
Global warming –because of toxic gases, by burning of plastic, raise earth
temperature
5.
Impact on food chain .because that made marine creature toxic when plastic
dispose in water.
3. Solutions to solve environmental problems
under PEPA 1997.
Ø Pakistan environmental protection act 1997 is
the Environment protection Law, that is made to protect the environment and
safe it from its pollution and to achieve its goal it’s also give the strategy
to accomplish of its goals.
Ø So ,the sole
solution to get eradication from the environment problems we faced today is
the ‘’implementation of the provisions
of the PEPA 1997’’
|
Solutions & Provisions of PEPA 1997 |
Example
|
Impact
|
|
1. By
the commencement of environmental friendly project U/s 12 of PEPA 1997. |
1.billion tree tsunami project 2.Cloud seed technology project [ fake rain project ] |
1.solve Deforestation 2.solve Global warming 3.solve extinction issue of animals 4.solve climate change problems -------------------------------------------- 1.solve smog 2.solve air pollution 3.solve Drought |
|
2. By
impose restriction on use of vehicles that emit noise and air pollutant
exceed to set concentration limit. And also specify fuels for vehicles. u/s 15 of PEPA 1997 |
1. Government banned on Euro 2 fuels in Lahore currently, in smog
season. |
1.solve smog 2.solve air pollution |
|
3. by
promote awareness among public regarding environment matters U/S 6 of PEPA 1997 |
1.sohni Dharti climate campaign 2. Eco-women movement program. 3. Smog preventive measure advertisement by media. 4.one plastic free Day Campaign |
These all campaigns have healthy impact on environment restoration
and promote awareness among people. |
|
4. By
encourage and assist public for disposal of waste. u/s 6 of PEPA 1997 |
Hunza valley is become plastic
free valley of Asia due to efforts of their citizens and govt assistance |
Encourage to ban plastic in other cities that help to solve. 1.plastic pollution 2. Air, water and land pollution. |
|
5. To
be a part of environmental policy, programs and project at both national and
international level. u/s 6 of PEPA 1997 |
1. On
18th august the Pakistan plant day is celebrated. 2. On
22 April earth day is celebrated. 3. On
5th June world environment day is celebrated. 4. REDD
and REDD+ PROJECT [ UN project joined by
Pakistan in 2011] Note -That is similar nature
project of billion tree tsunami project |
These all Days promote awareness among public that lead to
restoration of environment condition. 1. Solve
climate change 2. Solve
global warming 3. Solve
deforestation. |
|
6. By
investment in environment friendly project u/s 9 of PEPA 1997. |
1. Cloud
seed technology project [ 1 million project ] 2. Billion
tree tsunami project. [125.1483 Billion project] |
1. solve smog 2.solve air pollution 3.solve global warming 4.solve drought 1.solve deforestation 2.solve global warming 3.solve climate change 4.solve soil erosion 5.solve air pollution |
|
7.
By imposing penalty u/s 17 of PEPA 1997 |
Currently ,in smog season 1. govt
imposed fine of 2000 R.S on motor bikes and four wheel vehicle 2. Govt
imposed fine of 50,000 Rs on burning of harvest. |
That help to tackle smog issue |
|
8. By
laws formulation u/s 6 of PEPA 1997 |
1.
Policy on controlling smog 2017. 2.
The hospital waste management rules 2005 |
These help to solve environment problems |
|
9. By
lab establishment. u/s 6 of PEPA 1997 |
1. Solution environmental analysis
laboratory. 2. TTI testing laboratories. |
These help to solve environmental problems. |
|
10. By
prohibition of discharge of waste and air pollutant, not exceed to certain limit u/s 11 of PEPA 1997. |
1. Government
banned the burning of harvest in smog season. 2. Government
also close industries that not used scrubbers -These prohibitions are set to prevent
pollution |
Help to tackle smog issue |
4. Conclusion.
To sum up of all above discussion we briefly conclude that
our country Pakistan faced a lot of environmental
problems that all are interrelated to each other, the one issue is the cause of
other issue but every issue has a solution and here the solution of these
environmental problems is conceal in the implementation of the provisions of
PEPA 1997 and luckily Pakistan overcome of these issues by imitation of above
discussed projects under the provisions of PEPA 1997.
1.
D
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